常用¶

2¶

2FA: Two-Factor Authentication(两步验证, security, MFA, SFA, 安全)

3¶

3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership Project，也就是第三代合作伙伴计划

5¶

5G NR: 5G New Radio

A¶

A2DP: Advanced Audio Distribution Profile(高级音频分发框架)
AAA: Authentication, Authorization and Accounting(, protocol)
ABE: Attribute-Based Encryption(基于属性加密, security, 安全)
ABI: Application Binary Interface(应用程序二进制接口)
ABNF: Augmented Backus-Naur Form(增强型巴科斯-诺尔范式, 元语言，用于描述上下文无关文法)
AC: Wireless AccessPoint Controller(接入控制器, AP)
ACID: 原子性(Atomicity),一致性(Consistency),隔离性(Isolation),持久性(Durability).与BASE对应
ACL: Anti-Corruption Layer(防腐层)
ACL: Access Control List(, 权限相关)
Adam: Adaptive Moment Estimation(自适应矩估计, 算法)
ADAS: Automated Design of Agentic Systems(代理系统的自动化设计, Agent)
ADB: Android Debug Bridge
ADP: Acyclic Dependencies Principle(无环依赖原则, design-principle)
ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line(非对称数字用户线路)
ADT: Android Development Tools
AE: Authenticated Encryption(可认证的加密, 安全, security)
AEAD: Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data(带关联的认证加密, 安全, security)
AES: Advanced Encryption Standard(, 安全, security)
AF: Address Family(, sokcet)
AGI: Artificial General Intelligence(人工通用智能)
AGV: Automated Guided Vehicle(自动导引运输车)
AI: Artificial Intelligence
AI-GA: AI-generating algorithm(AI生成算法)
ALCE: Automatic LLM Citation Evaluation(自动LLM引文评估, )
ALPN: Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation(, TLS, protocol)
ALSA: Advanced Linux Sound Architecture
ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit(算术逻辑单元, 组成原理)
AMI: Amazon Machine Images
AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol(protocol)
ANN: Artificial Neural Network(人工神经网络, ai)
ANSI: American National Standards Institute
ANTLR: ANother Tool for Language Recognition(是基于LL算法实现的语法解析器生成器)
AOAI: Azure OpenAI
AOF: Append Only File
AOP: Aspect Oriented Programming(面向切面编程)
AOT: Ahead of time(提前编译, compiler, JIT)
AP: Wireless Access Point(访问接入点, AC)
API: Application Programming Interface(应用程序接口)
APM: Application Performance Monitoring
AQI: Air Quality Index(空气质量指数)
AR: Augmented Reality(AR/VR, 增强现实)
ARC: Automatic Reference Counting(自动引用计数, GC)
ARCI: Accountable, Responsible, Consulted, Informed(当责者,负责者,事先咨询者,事后被告知者, 模型, model)
ARIES: Algorithms for Recovery and Isolation Exploiting Semantics(基于语义的恢复与隔离算法, transaction)
ARM: Advanced RISC Machines(进阶精简指令集机, 组成原理)
ARM: Acorn RISC Machines(早期名, 组成原理)
ARP: Address Resolution Protocol(地址解析协议, network-protocol)
ART: Android RunTime
ARTS: Algorithm, Review, Tip, Share
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange(美国信息交换标准代码)
ASDL: Abstract Syntax Definition Language(抽象语法定义语言)
ASIC: Application-Specific Integrated Circuit(专用集成电路, 组成原理)
ASM: Any-Specific Multicast(, SSM, IP Multicast)
ASN.1: Abstract Syntax Notation One(ASN.1 抽象语法标记)
ASR: Automatic Speech Recognition(自动语音识别, TTS)
AST: Abstract Syntax Tree(抽象语法树, CST)
AVX: Advanced Vector Extension(高级矢量扩展, SSID)
AWL: Academic Word List(学术词汇, english)
AWQ: Activation-Weighted Quantization(激活加权量化技术)

B¶

BaaS: Backend as a Service，后端即服务
BaaS: Blockchain as a Service
BART: Bidirectional and Auto-Regressive Transformers(双向自回归Transformers, BERT)
BASE: 基本可用(Basically Available),软状态(Soft State),最终一致性(Eventual Consistency).与ACID对应
BCC: BPF Compiler Collection
BCD: Binary-Coded Decimal(用二进制表示十进制，定点数)
BCP: Best Current Practices(, rfc)
BDD: Behavior-Driven Development(行为驱动开发)
BERT: Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers(双向Transformer的Encoder, BART)
BFF: Backend For Frontend
BFS: Breadth-First-Search(广度优先搜索, algorithm)
BGP: Border Gateway Protocol(边界网关协议, network-protocol, IGP)
BI: Business Intelligence
BIF: Built-In Function(内置函数, erlang, NIF)
BiLSTM: Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(双向长短时记忆, ai)
BIOS: Basic Input and Output System(基本输入输出系统, 组成原理)
BJP: Bonjour Printing Specification
BLAS: basic linear algebra subroutine(基本线性代数运算, ml, 向量)
BLE: Bluetooth Low Energy(低功耗蓝牙, Bluetooth 4.0/4.1/4.2 的统称)
Blob: Binary Large Object(, js)
BNF: Backus-Naur Form(巴科斯范式, 形式化的语法表示方法)
BOM: Byte Order Mark(字节顺序标记, Unicode编码标准中用于标识文件是采用哪种格式的编码)
BPE: Byte-Pair Encoding
BPF: Berkeley Packet Filter(柏克莱封包过滤器)
BPF: BSD Packet Filter(BSD 分组过滤器)
BPS: bit per second
BRE: Basic Regular Expression(基本正则表达式, regexp)
BS: Bachelor of Science(理学学士)
BSD: Berkeley Software Distribution (伯克利软件套件)

C¶

CA: Certificate Authority/Certification Authority
CAAS: Communications-as-a-Service(容器即服务)
CAAS: Containers-as-a-Service(容器即服务)
CAP: Consistency Availability Partition-tolerance(distributed system)
CARP: Composition/Aggregation Reuse Principle(组合 / 聚合复用原则, design-principle)
CART: Classification and Regression Trees(分类和回归树, ai)
CAS: compare-and-set
CAS: Compare And Swap(比较和交换)
CASE: Certificate Authenticated Session Establishment(, matter)
CBA: Cell-Based Architecture, 基于单元格的架构(对应MSA)
CBC: Cipher Block Chaining(, 安全, security)
CD: continuous deployment(持续部署)
CDC: Consumer Driven Contract(消费者驱动契约, testing)
CDC: Change Data Capture(增量的数据更新)
CDN: Content Delivery Network 或 Content Distribution Network
CE: Community Edition(社区版), 如:Docker社区版(CE), Docker企业版(EE)
CE: Continuous Exploration(持续探索)
CEN: Cloud Enterprise Network(云企业网络，阿里)
CFG: Control Flow Graph(控制流图)
CFG: Context-free Gammar(上下文无关文法, compiler)
CFG: Classifier Free Guidance(无分类器引导, ai绘画)
CFS: Completely Fair Scheduler(完全公平调度器)
CFS: Completely Fair Scheduling(完全公平调度)
CGI: Common Gateway Interface(通用网关接口)
CHIP: Connected Home Over IP(, iot, ZigBee联盟工作组, 更名Matter)
CI: Continuous integration(持续集成)
CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing(无类型域间路由)
CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computer(复杂指令集, RISC, 组成原理)
CLA: Contributor License Agreement(贡献者许可协议)
CLI: Command Line Interface
CLIP: Contrastive Language-Image Pre-Training(, LLM, ai)
CLM: Causal Language Modeling(, MLM)
CLUE: The Chinese Language Understanding Evaluation(中文语言理解测评基准, ai, 基准数据)
CML: Concurrent Mapping and Localization(即时定位与地图构建/并发建图与定位， SLAM)
CNN: Convolutional Neural Network, convnet(卷积神经网络, AI)
CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol(protocol)
COMD: Complexity-Oriented & Multi-Dimension Capability Model(面向复杂度的多维度能力模型)
COP: Currency-Oriented Programming(面向并发编程, OOP)
CORS: Cross-Origin Resource Sharing(跨源资源共享, HTTP, 安全, vulnerability, security)
CoT: Chain of Thought(思维链, ToT, GoT)
CoT-SC: Self Consistency with CoT(自我认识思维链)
COTS: Commercial Off-The-Shelf(“商用现成品或技术” 或者 “商用货架产品”)
CPC: Cycles Per Byte(每字节周期数)
CPI: Cycles Per Instruction(每条指令的平均时钟周期数, 组成原理, IPC)
CPM: Cost Per Mille(千次曝光, )
CPM: Chinese Pre-trained Language Model(中文预训练语言模型)
CPU: Central Processing Unit(中央处理器)
CQRS: Command Query Responsibility Seperation(命令查询职责分离)
CR: Carriage Return(回车 \r, ascii)
CR: Completion Rate(完成率, SR, DA)
CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check(循环冗余校验, 嵌入式)
CRF: Conditional Random Field(条件随机场, ai)
CRI: Container Runtime Interface(容器运行时接口, k8s)
CRLF: carriage-return line-feed(回车换行)
CRUD: Create、Retrieve、Update、Delete
CSA: Cloud Security Alliance(云安全联盟, 安全组织)
CSA: Connectivity Standards Alliance(连接标准联盟, iot)
CSE: Common Subexpression Elimination(公共子表达式消除, compiler, SSA)
CSI: Client Side Include(, ESI, SSI)
CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense, Multiple Access with Collision Detection(带冲突检测的载波侦听多路接入)
CSP: Communicating Sequential Processes
CSP: Content Security Policy(网页安全政策, HTTP)
CSR: Certificate Signing Request
CSS: Cascading Style Sheets(层叠样式表)
CSRF: Cross-Site-Request-Forgery(跨站请求伪造, vulnerability)
CST: Concrete Syntax Tree(具体语法树, AST)
CST: Central Standard Time (USA标准时间, time-zone)
CST: Central Standard Time (Australia标准时间, time-zone)
CST: China Standard Time(中国标准时间, time-zone)
CST: Cuba Standard Time(古巴标准时间, time-zone)
CTR: Click Through Rate(点击率)
CUDA: Compute Unified Device Architecture
cuDNN: CUDA Deep Neural Network library(CUDA神经网络库, GPU加速库)
CV: Computer Vision(计算机视觉)

D¶

DAC: Device Attestation Certificate(, matter)
DAG: Directed Acyclic Graph(有向无环图, PDG)
DAL: Data Application Layer
DAO: Data Access Obejct(数据访问对象)
DASH: Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP(, HLS)
DBaaS: Database as a Service
DCL: Data Cached Layer
DCL: Distributed Compliance Ledger(分布式合规数据库, matter)
DDD: Domain-Driver Design, 领域驱动设计
DDL: Data Definition Language(数据定义语言)
DDoS: Distributed DoS(分布式拒绝服务)
DDR: Double Data Rate(双倍速率, 内存)
DeFi: Decentralized Finance(去中心化金融)
DER: Distinguished Encoding Rules(X.509 ASN.1)
DETR: DEtection TRansformer(, ai, LLM)
DFA: Deterministic finite automaton(确定性有限自动机)
DFS: Depth-First-Search(深度优先搜索, algorithm)
DFX: Design For X(面向产品生命周期各环节设计)
DH: Diffie-Hellman(DH算法, SSL/TLS协议)
DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(动态主机配置协议)
DHT: Distributed Hash Table，分布式哈希表
DIP: Dependence Inversion Principle(依赖倒置原则, design-principle)
dist: distributions
DLL: Dynamic Link Library(动态链接库, windows专用, so)
DLNA: Digital Living Network Alliance(数字生活网络联盟)
DLPI: datalink provider interface(数据链路提供者接口, SVR4)
DMA: Direct Memory Access(直接内存访问, 磁盘)
DMAC: DMA Controller(DMA 控制器, 磁盘)
DML: Data Manipulation Language(数据操纵语言)
DMP: Data Management Platform(数据管理平台)
DNAT: Destination NAT(目的地址转换)
DNN: Deep Neural Network(深度神经网络, AI)
DNS: Domain Name System
DNS-SD: DNS Service Discovery
DO: Domain Object(领域对象, DDD)
DoLa: Decoding by Contrasting Layers(, 一种对比解码策略)
DoS: Denial of Service(拒绝服务)
DP: DisplayPort(, DVI 的继任者, 硬件)
DPO: Direct Preference Optimization(直接偏好优化, SFT)
DPoS: Delegated Proof of Stake(委托股权证明, blockchain)
DPR: Dense Passage Retrieval(密集段落检索)
DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory(动态随机存取存储器, 组成原理, SRAM)
DRBG: Deterministic Random Bit Generator(确定性的随机数发生器)
DSA: Digital Signature Algorithm(数字签名算法, ECDSA, 加密)
DSAP: Destination Service Access Point(目的服务访问点, 802, SSAP)
DSL: Domain Specific Language(领域特定语言, , 对比 GPPL)
DSP: Digital Signal Processer(数字信号处理, webrtc, 乐鑫ESP-DSP)
DSS: Data Storage Segregation(数据存储隔离)
DST: Daylight Saving Time(夏令时, time-zone)
DTLS: Datagram Transport Layer Security(, TLS)
DTO: Data Transfer Object(数据传输对象, DDD)
DTP: Distributed Transaction Processing(分布式事务处理, transaction)
DTR: Data Transfer Rate(数据传输率)
DVR: Digital Video Recorder(数字视频录像机, NVR)
DWDM: Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing(波分复用, OTN)

E¶

EAI: Enterprise Application Integration(企业应用集成)
EBNF: Extended Backus-Naur Form(扩展巴科斯范式, 本质是正则版的 BNF)
EC: Edge Computing
ECC: Elliptic Curve Cryptography(椭圆曲线密码学, SSL/TLS协议, 安全, security)
ECC memory: Error-Correcting Code memory(纠错内存, 组成原理)
ECDSA: Elliptic Curve DSA(, DSA, 加密)
ECS: Edge Configuration Server, ECS
ECRYPT: European Network of Excellence in Cryptology(, 安全组织)
EDA: Event Driven Architecture(事件驱动架构, SOA)
EIPs: Ethereum Improvement Proposals
ELF: Execuatable and Linkable File Format(可执行与可链接文件格式, 组成原理, PE)
ELK: Elasticsearch、Logstash、Kibana(https://www.elastic.co/cn/)
EMA: Exponential Moving Average(指数移动平均值, math)
eMMC: Embedded Multi Media Card(嵌入式多媒体卡, 存储芯片协议)
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer(电子数值积分计算机, 第一台电子计算机)
ENS: Edge Node Service(边缘结点服务，阿里)
EOF: End OF File
ERNIE: Enhanced Language Representation with Informative Entities(, OpenSKL, THU, 清华)
ERNIE: Enhanced Representation through kNowledge Integration(, baidu)
ERE: Extended Regular Expression(扩展正则表达式, regexp)
ERP: Enterprise Resource Planning(企业资源计划)
ES: Expert System(专家系统,人工智能相关领域)
ES: Elementary Stream(基流, webrtc)
FSF: Free Software Foundation(自由软件基金会, Stallman)
ESG: Environmental，Social，Governance
ESI: Edge Side Includes(, CSI, SSI)
ESOP: Employee Stock Ownership Plan(员工持股计划)
ESPP: Employee Stock Purchase Plan(员工股票购买计划)
ETL: Extract-Transform-Load(大数据相关)
EVM: Ethereum Virtual Machine(以太坊虚拟机)

F¶

FaaS: Function as a Service
FAQ: frequently asked question(常见问题)
FD: File Descriptor(文件描述符, socket)
FEC: Forward Error Correction(前向纠错, http3)
FIB: Forwarding Information Base(转发信息表, 路由表)
FIFO: First In First Out(先进先出, LIFO)
FLP: Fischer, Lynch and Patterson(3个名字, distributed system)
FM: Foundation Models(基础模型)
FMEA: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis(故障模式与影响分析)
FP: Fuction Programming(函数式编程, OOP)
FPGA: Field-Programmable Gate Array(现场可编程门阵列, 组成原理)
FSF: Free Software Foundation(自由软件基金会)
FSA: Finite-state Automaton(有限自动机)
FSM: Finite-State Machine(有限状态机)
FVCN: Future Vertical Communication Network(未来垂直通信网络, NewIP)
FYI: For Your Information(rfc)

G¶

GA: General Availability(正式发布的版本, deploy)
GA: Global Accelerator(全球加速器，阿里)
GAN: Generative Adversarial Network(生成对抗网络, ai)
GAP: Generic Access Profile
GC: Governance Committee(治理委员会, 开源)
GC: Garbage Collection(垃圾收集, ARC)
GCC: GNU Compiler Collection(GNU 编译器套件)
GDPR: General Data Protection Regulation, 通用数据保护条例(欧洲联盟的数据隐私条例)
GE: General Electrical(美国通用电气, 又称奇异公司)
GELU: Gaussian Error Linear Unit(, 激活函数, ai)
GFW: Great Fire Wall
GGML: Generic GShard Model Layout(, AI大模型文件格式)
GGUF: GGML Unified Format(, AI大模型文件格式)
GIL: Global Interpreter Lock(全局解释锁, python)
GIS: Geographic Information System(地理信息系统)
GLUE: General Language Understanding Evaluation(通用语言理解评估, AI, GLM)
GMT: Greenwich Mean Time(格林威治时间, time-zone)
GMV: Gross Merchandise Volume, 成交总额
GNU: GNU is Not Unix
GOT: Global Offset Table(全局偏移表, 组成原理, PLT)
GoT: Graph of Thought(思维图, CoT, ToT)
GPG: GnuPG(加密)
GPGPU: General-Purpose Computing on Graphics Processing Units(通用图形处理器)
GPL: General Public License
GPPL: General Purpose Programming Language(通用编程语言, 对比 DSL)
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service(通用分组无线业务, 移动数据网络)
GPS: Global Positioning System(全球定位系统)
GPT: Generative Pre-trained Transformer
GPU: Graphics Processing Unit(图形处理器)
Grub2: Grand Unified Bootloader Version 2
GSA: Google Search Appliance
GT: Ground Truth(真实数据, 如Chain-of-Thought(GT))
GUI: Graphical User Interface
GYP: Generate Your Projects(Python, Chromium)

H¶

HAL: Hardware Abstraction Layer(硬件抽象层, hw)
HAL: Hypertext Application Language(HTTP REST)
HATEOAS: Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State(HTTP REST)
HC: hire count(雇佣人数, job)
HC: head count(岗位, job)
HDD: Hard Disk Drive(硬盘, SSD)
HDFS: Hadoop Distributed File System
HDMI: High Definition Multimedia Interface(高清晰度多媒体接口, protocal)
HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding(, 视频编码)
HKDF: HMAC-based Key Derivation Function(, 算法, 加密)
HLS: HTTP Live Streaming(, 基于 HTTP 的流媒体实时传输协议, Apple, DASH)
HMM: Hidden Markov Model(隐马尔可夫模型)
HMAC: Hash-based Message Authentication Code(基于单向散列函数的消息验证码, security, 安全)
HOL: head-of-line
HOTP: HMAC-Based One-time Password(, security, 安全, rfc4226)
HSL: Hue Saturation Lightness(色相/饱和度/亮度, 颜色, RGB, YUV, HSV)
HSRP: Hot Stand by Router Protocol(热备份路由协议)
HSTS: HTTP Strict-Transport-Security(HTTP header)
HSV: hue-saturation-value
HSL: Hue Saturation Value(色相/饱和度/明度, 颜色, RGB, YUV, HSL)
HTAP: Hybrid Transactional/Analytical Processing(混合事务/分析处理, 数据库类型)
HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol
HTML: HyperText Markup Language
HyDE: Hypothetical Document Embeddings(假设文档嵌入)

I¶

I18N: internationalization(首末字符i和n，18为中间的字符数), 类似的有L10N, K8S
IA3: Infused Adapter by Inhibiting and Amplifying Inner Activations(, LoRa)
IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service(基础设施即服务)
IAB: Internet Architecture Board(, 组织)
IaC: Infrastructure as Code
IANA: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(因特网已分配数值权威机构, 组织)
IBE: Identity-Based Encryption(基于身份加密, security, 安全)
IC: Intermediate Code(中间代码, 同 IR)
IC: Integrated Circuit Chip(集成电路芯片, IC芯片)
ICE: Interactive Connectivity Establishment(交互式连接创建, webrtc)
ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol(网络控制报文协议, network-protocol)
ICO: initial coins offerings(首次公开发售数字代币融资, IPO)
IDE: Integrated Development Environment(开发集成环境)
IDE: Integrated Device Electronics(集成设备电路)
IDL: Interactive Data Language(交互式数据语言)
IDL: Interface Definition Language(接口定义语言)
IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission(国际电工委员会, 组织)
IEEE: Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers(电子电气工程师协会, 组织)
IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force(因特网工程任务攻坚组, 组织)
IFTTT: If This Then That
IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol(互联网组管理协议, network-protocol)
IGP: Interior Gateway Protocol(内部网关协议, network-protocol, BGP)
IIC: Industrial Internet Consortium(工业互联网联盟)
IMDB: Internet Movie Database(互联网电影数据库, dataset, )
IoA: Internet of Agents(智能体互联网, ai, agent)
IoC: Inversion of Control(控制反转, 常见的方式:Dependency Injection(依赖注入))
IOE: IBM, Oracle, EMC
IoT: Internet of Things(物联网)
IoTSF: IoT Security Foundation(物联网安全基金会, iot)
IP: Internet Protocol(network-protocol)
IPC: Inter-Process Communication(进程间通信)
IPC: Industrial Personal Computer(工业控制计算机)
IPC: Instruction Per Cycle(周期指令数, 组成原理, CPI)
IPC: IP Camera(网络摄像头, )
IPD: Integrated Product Development(集成产品开发)
IRI: Internationalized Resource Identifier(, URI, similar to URI but for Unicode rather than US-ASCII only)
IPFS: InterPlanetary File System(星际文件系统)
IPMI: Intelligent Platform Management Interface(智能平台管理接口)
IPO: initial public offering(首次公开募股, ICO)
IR: Intermediate Representation(中间代码, 同 IC)
IRTF: Internet Research Task Force(, 组织)
ISA: Instruction Set Architecture(指令集架构)
ISO: International Organization of Standardization(国际标准化组织, 组织)
ISOC: Internet Society(, 组织)
ISP: Interface Segregation Principle(接口隔离原则, SOLID, design-principle)
ISR: In-Sync Replicas(, kafka)
ISV: Independent Software Vendor(独立软件供应商, 嵌入式行业)
ITU-T: International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunication Standardization Sector( , 组织)
IX: Internet eXchange(互联网交换中心, network-protocol)

J¶

JD: job description(, job)
JIT: Just-in-time(即时编译, compiler, AOT)
JNI: Java Native Interface
JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group(, 视频编码)
JWT: JSON Web Token

K¶

KG: Knowledge Graph(知识图谱, )
KNN: K-Nearest Neighbor(K最近邻算法, ai)
KPI: Key Performance Indicator(关键绩效指标)
KSA: Knowledge, Skills and Abilities(知识、技能和才华模型)
KWS: Keyword Spotting(语音唤醒, iot)

L¶

L10N: localization(首末字符l和n，10为中间的字符数), 类似的有I18N, K8S
LAC: Lexical Analysis of Chinese(中文词法分析, ai, 百度)
LAN: Local Area Network(局域网, network)
LEB: Little Endian Base
LBS: Location Based Services(基于位置的服务)
LCE: Launch Coordination Engineering(发布协调工程师)
LCEL: LangChain Expression Language
LCP: Link Control Protocol(数据链路的链路控制协议, network-protocol)
LDA: Latent Dirichlet Allocation(潜在狄利克雷分配, ai, ml, )
LDAP: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LF: Line Feed(控制字符, ascii)
LFS: Log-Structured File System
LIFO: Last In First Out(后进先出, FIFO)
LKP: Least Knowledge Principle(最少知识原则)
LLM: Large Language Models(大语言模型, ai, VLM)
LLVM: Low Level Virtual Machine(底层虚拟机, 构架编译器的框架系统, C++ 编写, Apple中广泛使用)
LGTM: Looks Good To Me (代码已经 review 可以合并)
LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation(低秩适应, LLM, ai)
LPWA: Low-Power Wide-Area Wireless Technology
LRU: Least Recently Used(最近最少使用 , 算法)
LSB: Least Significant Bit
LSM: Linux Security Modules(Linux 安全模块)
LSP: Liskov Substitution Principle(Liskov替换原则, SOLID)
LSRR: Loose SSR(宽松源和记录路径)
LSTM: 长短时记忆(Long Short Term Memory，LSTM)
LVS: Linux Virtual Server
LwIP: Light-weight IP(, tcp/ip)
LwM2M: Lightweight M2M(, iot)
LZW: Lempel-Ziv-Welch(, 编码, 压缩)

M¶

MAC: Message Authentication Code(消息验证码, security, 安全)
MAC: Medium Access Control(媒体访问控制, network-protocol)
MAE: Mean Absolute Error(平均绝对误差, math, analysis)
MBPP: ManyBench Programming Problems(, 用于评估代码生成效果的基准数据集)
MBR: Master Boot Record(主引导区, 组成原理)
MBT: Model-Based-Testing(基于模型的测试, testing)
MCTS: Monte Carlo Tree Search(蒙特卡罗树搜索, 算法)
MCU: Multipoint Conferencing Unit
mDNS: Multicast DNS(多播 DNS, 局域网内部生效的域名)
MEMS: Micro-Electro-Mechanical System(微机电系统, iot, chip)
MESI: Modified、Exclusive、Shared和Invalid(多核心 Cache 数据同步协议, CPU)
MFA: Multi-factor Authentication(多因素认证, security, SFA, 安全, 2FA)
MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface(音乐设备数字化接口)
MIME: Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions(多用途因特网邮件扩充, rfc2045)
MIMO: Multiple-Input Multiple-Output(用于提高频段利用率)
MIPI: Mobile Industry Processor Interface(移动行业处理器接口)
MIPS: Million Instructions Per Second(单字长定点指令平均执行速度, 与下面一条是「双关语」, 组成原理)
MIPS: Microprocessor without interlocked piped stages architecture(采取RISC架构, 组成原理)
MIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院)
MLD: Multicast Listener Discovery(, ip)
MLE: Maximum Likelihood Estimation(最大似然估计, 统计)
MLIR: Multi-Level IR
MLM: Mask Language Model(, BERT, CLM)
MLP: multilayer perceptron(多层感知器)
MLP: Machine Language Program(机器语言程序)
MLP: Minimum Lovable Product(最小可爱产品, MVP)
MMIO: Memory-Mapped I/O(内存映射 IO, 组成原理)
mMTC: massive Machine Type Communication
MMU: Memory Management Unit(内存管理单元, PMMU)
MMX: Multi-Media Extension(多媒体扩展, SIMD)
MoE: Mixture of Experts(混合专家, LLM)
MPEG: Moving Picture Experts Group(国际标准组织, 专注于数字音视频标准, 视频编码标准)
MQ: Message Queue(消息队列)
MQTT: MQ Telemetry Transport(protocol)
MR: Mixed Reality(AR/VR)
MRKL: Modular Reasoning, Knowledge and Language(模块化推理、知识和语言)
MRP: Multicast Routing Protocol(多播路由协议, router)
MS: Master of Science(理学硕士)
MSA: Micro-Service Architecture, 微服务架构(对应CBA)
MSE: Mean Squared Error(均方误差, math)
MSF: Multi-Sensor Fusion(多传感器融合, iot)
MSL: Maximum Segment Lifetime(IP数据报文最大生存时间, TCP, TTL)
MSS: Maximum Segment Size(最大分段大小, TCP, network-protocol)
MTBF: Mean Time Between Failure，平均无故障时间(平均故障间隔时间, 运维)
MTTF: Mean Time To Failure(平均故障前的时间, 运维)
MTTR: Mean Time To Recovery(平均修复时间, 运维)
MTU: Maximum Transfer Unit(最大传输单元, IP, network-protocol)
MTU: Maximum Transmission Unit(最大传输单元, IP, network-protocol)
MVC: Model View Controller
MVCC: Multiversion concurrency control(多版本并发控制, transaction)
MVMP: Model-ViewModel-Presenter
MVP: Model-View-Presenter
MVP: Minimum Viable Product(最小可行性产品, MLP)
MVP: Most Valuable Player(最有价值球员)
MVVM: Model-View-ViewModel

N¶

NAPT: Network Address Port Translation(网络地址端口转换, network-protocol)
NAS: Network Attach Storage
NAT: Network Address Translation(网络地址转换, network-protocol)
NCP: Network Control Protocol(网络层协议的网络控制协议, TCP 的前身, 单工)
NDK: Native Development Kit(, Android)
NER: Named-Entity Recognition(命名实体识别)
NFA: Nondeterministic finite automaton(非确定有限自动机)
NFC: Near-field communication(近距离无线通信, 近场通信, protocol)
NFC: Normalization Form Composition(标准组合形式, encoding normalization)
NFD: Normalization Form Decomposition(标准分解形式, encoding normalization)
NFKC: Normalization Form KC(Compatibility Composition)(兼容性组合形式, encoding normalization)
NFKC: Normalization Form KD(Compatibility Decomposition)(兼容性分解形式, encoding normalization)
NFS: Network File System(网络文件系统)
NFT: Non-fungible token(非同质化代币, blockchain)
NIC: Network Interface Card(网卡)
NIF: Native Implemented Function(原生函数, erlang, BIF)
NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology(, 安全组织)
NL: NewLine(换行 \n, ascii)
NL: Low Energy(低功耗, 蓝牙, Bluetooth LE)
NLG: Natural Language Generation(自然语言生成)
NLI: Natural Language Inference(自然语言推理)
NLP: Natural Language Processing(自然语言处理)
NLU: Natural Language Understanding(自然语言理解)
NP: Non-deterministic Polynomial time(非确定性多项式时间)
NPT: Normal Play Time
NPU: Neural Processing Unit(神经网络处理器, TPU, GPU)
NRE: Non-Recuring Engineering Cost(一次性工程费用, TCO)
NTFS: New Technology File System(, 文件系统格式)
NTP: Network Time Protocol(网络时间协议)
NUMA: Non-uniform memory access(非一致内存访问, 内存)
NVA: Network video Analytics
nvcc: NVIDIA CUDA Compiler
NVD: Network Video Display(网络视频接收器, 比如:网络视频显示器)
NVR: Network Video Recorder(网络视频录像机, DVR)
NVS: Network video Storage
NVT: Network Video Transmitter(网络视频服务器, 如:网络摄像机/编码设备)

O¶

OAM: Operation Administration and Maintenance(操作维护管理, 运营商网络运营)
OAM: Open Application Model(, 用来构建云原生应用的规范)
OCC: Optimistic Concurrency Control(乐观并发控制, transaction)
OCI: Open Container Initiative-based(开放式容器计划, k8s)
OCP: Open-Closed Principle(开闭原则, SOLID)
OCR: Optical Character Recognition(光学文字识别)
OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer(原始设备制造商, iot)
OKR: Objectives and Key Results(目标与关键成果)
OLAP: On-Line Analytical Processing(联机分析处理, db事务处理, 数据库类型)
OLTP: On-Line Transaction Processing(联机事务处理, 数据分析, 数据库类型)
OMO: Online Merge Offline
ONF: Open Networking Foundation(开放网络基金会)
ONNX: Open Neural Network eXchange
ONOS: Open Network Operating System(, os)
ONVIF: Open Network Video Interface Forum(开放型网络视频接口论坛)
OOB: Out of Band(带外数据, tcp)
OOBE: Out-of-box experience(开箱体验)
OOM: Out Of Memory
OOP: Object Oriented Programming(面向对象程序设计, COP)
OOV: out-of-vocabulary(未记录词汇, ml, 向量)
ORM: Object-Relational Mapping(对象关系映射器)
ORT: ONNX Runtime
OS: Operating System(操作系统)
OSI: Open Systems Interconnection(OSI 网络体系结构, ISO提出)
OSI: Open Source Initiative(开放源代码促进会, 推动开源的非盈利组织)
OSM: OpenStreetMap(, 地图) * OSM object (N - node, W - way, R - relation)
OSPF: Open Shortest Path First(开放式最短路径优先, network-protocol)
OSS: Object Storage Service(阿里云对象存储服务)
OSS: Open Source System(开源系统，一些项目的开源版本)
OTA: Over The Air(空中下载技术)
OTEP: OpenTelemetry Enhancement Proposal
OTLP: OpenTelemetry Library protocol
OTN: Optical Transport Network(光传送网, DWDM)
OTP: One Time Password(一次性密码)
OWASP: Open Web Application Security Project(组织: 开放式 Web 应用程序安全项目)

P¶

PaaS: Platform as a Service(平台即服务)
PAC: Proxy AutoConfiguration
PAKE: Password-Authenticated Key Exchange (, SPAKE2+, 加密)
PAM: Pluggable Authentication Module(可插拔认证模块)
PAN: Personal Area Network(个人区域网络, network)
PASE Passcode-Authenticated Session Establishment(, 加密, )
PBFT: Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant(实用拜占庭容错, distributed system)
PBKDF: Password-Based Key Derivation Function (, NIST800-132, KDF)
PCA: Principal Component Analysis(主成分分析, 数据分析)
PCB: Printed Circuit Board(印刷电路板, 硬件板)
PCBA: Printed Circuit Board +Assembly(PCB 空板经过 SMT 上件，再经过 DIP 插件的整个制程, iot, 硬件板)
PCC: Private Cloud Computing(私密云计算平台)
PCM: Pulse Code Modulation(脉冲编码调制, 音频sample编码)
PCRE: Perl Compatible Regular Expressions(Perl 兼容正则表达式)
PDCA: Plan, Do, Check, Act(计划、执行、检查、修正, 戴明环)
PDG: Program Dependence Graph(程序依赖图, DAG)
PDT: Pacific Daylight Time(太平洋夏季时间, time-zone)
PE: Portable Executable Format(, 组成原理, ELF)
PEFT: Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning(高效参数微调, LLM, ai)
PEP: Python Enhancement Proposal
PERN: Postgres, Express, React, Node
PES: Packet Elementary Stream
PF: Protocol Family(, socket)
PFS: Perfect Forward Secrecy(前向安全性, SSL/TLS协议)
PG: Property Graphs(属性图)
PGP: Pretty Good Privacy(1991, 加密)
PIC: Position-Independent Code(地址无关码, 组成原理)
PID: Process ID
PII: Personally Identifiable Information
PIR: Passive Infrared Detector(被动式红外探测器或身体感应器)
PKB: Product Knowledge Base(产品知识库)
PKCS: Public-Key Cryptography Standards(公钥密码学标准)
PKI: Public Key Infrastructure(公钥基础设施, 加密)
PLC: Power Line Communication(电力载波通信)
PLC: Programmable Logic Controller(可编程逻辑控制器)
PIL: Python Imaging Library
PLT: Procedure Link Table(程序链接表, 组成原理, GOT)
PMMU: Paged Memory Management Unit(分页内存管理单元, MMU)
PMTU: Path MTU(路径MTU)
PMTUD: Path MTU Discovery(路径最大传输单元发现, http2)
PMU: Performance Monitoring Unit
PnP: Plug and Play(即插即用)
PO: Persistent Object(数据持久化对象, DDD)
POC: Proof of Capacity(容量证明, blockchain)
POC: Proof of Concept(概念证明, blockchain, 各种试水测试)
POP结点: Point of Presence(入网点，阿里)
POS: Proof of Storage(存储量证明, 股权证明, blockchain)
POSIX: Portable Operating System Interface for Computing Systems(可移植操作系统接口, unix)
POT: Python Optimal Transport
POW: Proof of Work(工作量证明, blockchain)
PPL: Perplexity(困惑度, 大模型质量指标)
PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol(点到点协议, network-protocol)
PPPoA: PPP over ATM
PPPoE: PPP over Ethernet(一种控制 ADSL、FTTH 等宽带网络的方式, network-protocol)
PR: Pull Request
PSK: Pre Shared Key(, 权限相关)
PST: Pacific Standard Time(太平洋标准时间, time-zone)
PT: Pacific Time(太平洋时间, time-zone)
PLT: Procedure Linkage Table(过程链接表, 编译原理)
PTM: Point-to-Multipoint 单点对多点
PTP: Point-to-Point 单点对单点
PTS: Presentation Timestamp
PWA: Progressive Web App(Google 移动浏览器方案)
PWM: Pulse Width Modulation(脉冲宽度调制, LED灯的颜色和亮度)
PXE: Pre-boot Execution Environment(预启动执行环境, BIOS, DHCP)
PyPA: Python Packaging Authority(工作组，负责维护 Python 打包相关项目)
PyPI: Python Packaging Index()

Q¶

QoE: Quality of experience
QoS: Quality of Service
QPS: Query Per Second(每秒请求数，一般指读取，TPS)
QUIC: Quick UDP Internet Connections

R¶

RAG: Retrieval Augmented Generation(检索增强生成, AI, LLM)
RAII: Resource Acquisition Is Initialization(资源获取即初使化)
RAM: Random Access Memory(随机存取存储器, 组成原理)
RAN: Radio Access Network(无线接入网, WAN, network)
RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol(逆地址转换协议)
RBAC: Role-Based Access Control
RC: Release Candidate(发布候选版, deploy)
RCU: Read-Copy Update(随意读，但更新时，需先复制副本完成修改，再替换旧数据, linux源码)
RDBMS: Relational DataBase Management System
RDD: Resilient Distributed Datasets(弹性分布式数据集)
RDF: Resource Description Framework(资源描述框架)
RDP: Remote Desktop Protocal(远程桌面控制协议, protocal)
RE: Regular Expression(正则表达式)
ReLU: Rectified Linear Unit(修正线性单元, ai, 激活函数)
REPL: Read-Eval-Print Loop(读取-求值-输出-循环, 一种「交互式解释器」)
REST: Representational State Transfer(表征状态转移)
RF: Random Forest(随机森林)
RFC: Request for Comments(rfc)
RFID: Radio Frequency Identification(射频识别, iot)
RGB: Red, Green, Blue(三元色, color, 颜色, YUV, HSL, HSV)
RIFF: Resource Interchange File Format
RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer(精简指令集, CISC, 组成原理)
RL: Reinforcement Learning(强化学习, AI)
RLHF: Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback(从人类反馈中强化学习, AI)
RNN: Recurrent Neural Network(循环神经网, AI)
ROA: Resource Oriented Architecture
ROI: Return On Investment(投资回报率, 投入产出比)
ROM: Read-Only Memory(只读存储器, 组成原理)
ROS: Robot Operating System
ROUGE: Recall Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation(, ai, 评测, )
RPA: Robotic Process Automation(机器人流程自动化)
RPC: Remote Procedure Call
RPI: Raspberry PI
RPM: Rotations Per Minute(每分钟的旋转圈数, 磁盘, 组成原理)
RPMB: Replay Protected Memory Block(, eMMC)
RPO: Recovery Point Objective(恢复时间目标, 容灾)
RPS: Receive Packet Steering(, RSS, 软件层面实现类似RSS网卡相关功能)
RSA: Rivest、Shamir 和 Adleman(, 加密)
RSS: Resident Set Size
RSS: Receive Side Scaling(, RPS, 网卡硬件相关)
RTC: Real-Time Communication
RTCP: Real-time Control Protocol(实时传输控制协议, protocol)
RTFM: Read The Fucking Manual/Read The Foolish Manual(chat)
RTM: Release to Manufacture(给工厂大量压片的版本, deploy)
RTMP: Real Time Messaging Protocol(实时消息协议)
RTO: Recovery Time Objective(恢复点目标, 容灾)
RTO: Retransmission TimeOut(超时重传时间, http)
RTOS: Real-time operating system(实时操作系统, TSOS)
RTSP: Real Time Streaming Protocol(实时流协议, protocol)
RTP: Real-time Transport Protocol(实时传输协议, protocol, rfc3550)
RTT: Round Trip Time(往返时间, http, tcp, TTL, MSL)
RTTI: Run Time Type Information(运行时类型信息)
RTTI: Run Time Type Identification(运行时类型识别)

S¶

SaaS: Software as a Service(软件服务化)
SAFE: Search-Augmented Factuality Evaluator(, 检查长格式事实性的评估方法LLMs, FActScore)
SAM: Segment Anything Model(, Vision Transformer)
SAP: Soft, Application, and Products in Data Processing(, ERP company)
SAR: Special Administrative Region(特别行政区, 香港)
SASL: System Architecture Support Libraries
SCM: Soft Cosine Measure(软余弦测量, ml, )
SCTP: Stream Control Transmission Protocol(流控制传输协议, network-protocol)
SDK: Soft Development Kit(软件开发工具包)
SDIO: Secure Digital Input and Output(安全数字输入输出, 嵌入式)
sdist: source distributions(源分发)
SDL: Security Development Lifecycle(安全开发生命周期)
SDN: Software-Defined Networking(软件定义网络)
SDNV: SDN VPN
SDP: Session Description Protocal(, webrtc, RTSP)
SDL: Simple Direct Layer
SDRAM: Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory(同步动态随机存储器, 内存)
SDX: Software-Defined Everything(软件定义一切)
SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission(美国证券委员会)
SEDA: Stage Event Driver Architecture(分阶段的事件驱动架构)
SFA: Single-factor authentication(单因素认证, security, MFA, 安全)
SFT: Supervised Fine-Tuning(有监督微调, AI， DPO)
SFU: Selective Forwarding Unit
SGD: Stochastic Gradient Descent(随机梯度下降, 算法, 优化算法)
SHA: Secure Hash Algorithm(, 安全, security)
SICP: Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs(计算机程序的解释与构造, 书)
SIG: Special Interest Group
SIGMA: (, protocol, security)
SIMD: Single Instruction Multiple Data(单条指令能处理多个数据, 矢量计算, SISD)
SIMD: Single Instruction，Multiple Threads(, GPU)
SIP: System Integrity Protection (MacOS)
SISD: Single Instruction Single Data(单条指令能处理单个数据, 标量计算, SIMD)
SKU: Stock Keeping Unit(库存单位, )
SLA: Service Level Agreement(服务等级协议, SLI)
SLAAC: IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration(无状态地址自动配置, protocol, DHCPv6)
SLAM: Simultaneous Localization and Mapping(同步定位与建图, CML, vr)
SLAM: Supersonic Low Altitude Missile(超音速低空导弹, 军事)
SLC: Software Life Cycle(软件生命周期, 软件工程)
SLI: Service Level Indicator(服务等级对象)
SLIP: Serial Line IP(串行线路IP)
SLO: Service Level Objective(服务等级目标)
SMART: Specific，M=Measurable，A=Attainable，R=Relevant，T=Time-bound(, model)
SMB: Server Message Block(微软制定的网络文件共享协议)
SMPTE: Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
SMT: Surface Mounted Technology(表面组装技术, 表面贴装技术, 硬件板)
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNAP: Sub-network Access Protocol(子网接入协议, network-protocol)
SNAT: 源地址转换(Source NAT)
SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol
SNTP: Simple NTP(简单网络时间协议)
so: Shared Object(动态链接库, shared library, DLL)
SOA: Service Oriented Architecture(, EDA)
SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol
SoC: System on a Chip(系统芯片, hw)
SOE: state-owned-enterprise(公有体制下的国有企业)
SOLID: SRP,OCP,LSP,ISP,DIP(5个对象和接口的设计原则, design-principle)
SOP: Standard Operating Procedure(标准作业程序)
SOTA: state-of-the-art(最先进)
SPA: Single Page web Application(单页面应用, 不刷新页面, 动态变更html)
SPEC: Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation(, CPU性能跑分)
SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface(串行外设接口)
SPOF: Single Point of Failure(单点故障问题, 高可用)
SPU: Standard Product Unit(标准化产品单元)
SQL: Structural Query Language(结构化查询语言)
SR: Successful Rate(成功率)
SRAM: Static Random-Access Memory(静态随机存取存储器, 组成原理, DRAM)
SRE: Site Reliability Engineering(网站可靠性工程师, job)
SRP: Single Responsibility Principle(单一职责原则, SOLID, microservice)
SRR: source and record routes(源和记录路径)
SRTCP: Secure RTCP(安全实时传输控制协议, 安全, security)
SRTP: Secure RTP(安全实时传输协议, 安全, security)
SSA: Static Single Assignment(静态单赋值, compiler, CSE)
SSAP: Source Service Access Point(源服务访问点, 802, DSAP)
SSD: Solid-state drive 或 Solid-state disk(固态硬盘, HDD)
SSDP: Simple Service Discovery Protocol(简单服务发现协议, protocol)
SSE: Streaming SIMD Extensions(流式 SIMD 扩展, SIMD)
SSH: Secure Shell(安全外壳协议, 安全, security)
SSI: Server Side Include(, CSI, ESI)
SSL: Security Socket Layer
SSM: Source-Specific Multicast(源定多播, ASM, IP Multicast)
SSO: Single Sign-On(单点登录)
SSPL: Server Side Public License(服务器端公共授权, opensource-license)
SSR: Server-Side Rendering
SSRF: Server-side Request Forge(服务端请求伪造, vulnerability)
SSRR: strict SSR(严格源和记录路径)
STAR面试法: situation, task, action, result
STD: Internet Standards(rfc)
STM: SGS & Tomson Microelectronics(意法半导体公司, iot, chip)
STFW: Search the fxxking web(chat)
STL: Standard Template Library
STP: Spanning Tree Protocol(生成树协议)
STT: Speech to Text(语音转换成文本)
STUN: Simple Traversal of UDP over NATs(NAT的UDP简单穿越, webrtc)
STW: Stop The World(停下整个世界, compiler)
SUT: System Under Test(被测系统)
SVM: Support Vector Machine(支持向量机, ai)
SWIG: Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator(C/C++ 接口转换脚本语言)

T¶

TAC: Three Address Code(三地址代码, compiler)
TC: Technical Committee(技术委员会, 开源)
TCC: Try-Confirm-Cancel(, transaction)
TCO: Total Cost of Ownership(总体拥有成本, NRE)
TCP: Transmission Control Portocol(network-protocol)
TDD: Test-Driven Development(测试驱动开发)
TDLS: Tunneled Direct Link Setup(通道直接链路建立, WiFi联盟)
TF-IDF: Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency(词频-逆文档频率, ai)
TGI: Text Generation Inference(文本生成推理, huggingface)
TICK: Telegraf、InfluxDB、Chronograf、Kapacitor(四大组件: 数据收集器, 时序DB, UI, 监控, influxdb)
Timm: Torch Image Model
TL: Team Leader
TLB: Translation-Lookaside Buffer(地址变换高速缓冲, 组成原理, 分为 ITLB 和 DTLB)
TLI: Transport Layer Interface(, XTI)
TLNR: Too Long, Not Read
TLS: Transport Layer Security
TLS: Thread Local Storage(线程局部存储)
TOC: Technical Oversight Committee(技术监督委员会)
ToT: Tree of Thought(思维树, CoT, GoT)
TOTP: Time-based One-time Password(security, rfc6238)
TP: Top Percentile(Top百分比)
TPS: Transactions Per Second(每秒事务数，一般指写入，QPS)
TPU: Tensor Processing Units(张量处理器, GPU, NPU)
TRL: Transformer Reinforcement Learning
TSL: Thing Specification Language(物规范语言)
TSOS: Time Sharing Operating System(分时操作系统, RTOS)
TTFT: Time To First Token(首次令牌的时间)
TTL: Transistor Transistor Logic(晶体管逻辑)
TTL: Time To Live(, TCP, MSL)
TTS: Text to Speech(, ASR)
TURN: Traversal Using Relay NAT(, webrtc)
TVQA: Text-oriented VQA(面向文本的视觉问答)
TWS: True Wireless Stereo(真正无限立体声, apple, Airpods)